Head & Neck Cancer

A comprehensive guide to understanding symptoms, causes, diagnosis, treatment options and care pathways for head & neck cancers

What is Head & Neck Cancer?

Head & neck cancer refers to a group of cancers that develop in or around the mouth, throat, voice box (larynx), nasal cavity, sinuses, or salivary glands. These cancers usually begin in the squamous cells that line these areas and are often associated with lifestyle factors and viral infections.

Symptoms & Risk Factors

Signs & Symptoms

  • Persistent sore throat or hoarseness
  • Difficulty swallowing
  • Lump in the neck or mouth
  • Mouth sores that do not heal
  • Unexplained weight loss
  • Ear pain or voice changes

Symptoms vary depending on the location of the tumour, so early medical evaluation is critical.

Risk Factors

Several factors increase the risk of developing head & neck cancer:

  • Tobacco use (smoking or chewing)
  • Excessive alcohol consumption
  • Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection
  • Poor oral hygiene
  • Exposure to harmful chemicals or radiation

Early lifestyle changes and regular checkups can help reduce risk.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis typically begins with a complete physical exam of the head & neck area. Additional tests may include:

  • Biopsy of suspicious tissue
  • Imaging tests such as CT, MRI, or PET scans
  • Endoscopy to visualize internal structures

These help your oncologist determine the stage and extent of the cancer.

Treatment Options at King's Cancer Center

Treatment depends on the cancer type, location, and stage. Our approach is personalized and may include one or more of the following:

  • Chemotherapy: Systemic therapy to destroy cancer cells.
  • Targeted & Immunotherapy: Newer treatments that enhance immune response and precision tumour targeting.
  • Radiation Therapy: Accurate targeting of cancer cells with advanced radiotherapy.
  • Surgery: Removal of the tumour with precision to preserve function.

In many cases, a combination of therapies offers the best outcome.

Prevention & Follow-up Care

Reducing known risk factors and maintaining regular medical checkups can aid in early detection and better outcomes. After treatment, follow-up tests help monitor recovery and detect any recurrence early.

Consult Our Head & Neck Cancer Specialists

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